Never Again and Civil Rights Movement
The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. The Civil War had officially abolished slavery, merely it didn't cease discrimination confronting Black people—they continued to suffer the devastating effects of racism, peculiarly in the South. By the mid-20th century, Blackness Americans had had more than enough of prejudice and violence against them. They, along with many white Americans, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight for equality that spanned two decades.
Sentinel: The Civil Rights Movement on HISTORY Vault
Jim Crow Laws
During Reconstruction, Blackness people took on leadership roles like never before. They held public office and sought legislative changes for equality and the right to vote.
In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave Black people equal protection under the police force. In 1870, the 15th Amendment granted Black American men the right to vote. Still, many white Americans, especially those in the South, were unhappy that people they'd one time enslaved were at present on a more-or-less equal playing field.
To marginalize Black people, keep them divide from white people and erase the progress they'd made during Reconstruction, "Jim Crow" laws were established in the South beginning in the tardily 19th century. Black people couldn't utilise the same public facilities as white people, live in many of the same towns or get to the same schools. Interracial marriage was illegal, and most Blackness people couldn't vote because they were unable to pass voter literacy tests.
READ More: How Jim Crows Limited African American Progress
Jim Crow laws weren't adopted in northern states; however, Black people even so experienced discrimination at their jobs or when they tried to buy a business firm or become an education. To make matters worse, laws were passed in some states to limit voting rights for Black Americans.
Moreover, southern segregation gained ground in 1896 when the U.S. Supreme Court alleged in Plessy five. Ferguson that facilities for Black and white people could be "split but equal."
READ More than: When Did African Americans Get the Right to Vote?
World State of war Two and Civil Rights
Prior to World State of war Two, well-nigh Black people worked as low-wage farmers, manufactory workers, domestics or servants. By the early on 1940s, state of war-related piece of work was booming, only nearly Black Americans weren't given the better paying jobs. They were also discouraged from joining the military machine.
After thousands of Blackness people threatened to march on Washington to demand equal employment rights, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Society 8802 on June 25, 1941. It opened national defence force jobs and other government jobs to all Americans regardless of race, creed, color or national origin.
Black men and women served heroically in Earth State of war 2, despite suffering segregation and discrimination during their deployment. The Tuskegee Airmen bankrupt the racial bulwark to become the get-go Black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps and earned more 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses. Yet many Black veterans were met with prejudice and contemptuousness upon returning habitation. This was a stark contrast to why America had entered the war to begin with—to defend liberty and democracy in the world.
As the Cold War began, President Harry Truman initiated a civil rights agenda, and in 1948 issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military. These events helped set the stage for grass-roots initiatives to enact racial equality legislation and incite the ceremonious rights movement.
READ MORE: Why Harry Truman Ended Segregation in the US Military
Rosa Parks
On Dec 1, 1955, a 42-year-old woman named Rosa Parks found a seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus after work. Segregation laws at the time stated Blackness passengers must sit in designated seats at the back of the bus, and Parks had complied.
When a white human being got on the motorbus and couldn't find a seat in the white section at the front of the bus, the bus driver instructed Parks and three other Black passengers to requite up their seats. Parks refused and was arrested.
Equally give-and-take of her arrest ignited outrage and support, Parks unwittingly became the "mother of the modernistic day civil rights movement." Black customs leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) led by Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr., a role which would place him front and center in the fight for civil rights.
Parks' backbone incited the MIA to phase a cold-shoulder of the Montgomery coach organization. The Montgomery Bus Cold-shoulder lasted 381 days. On November 14, 1956 the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating was unconstitutional.
Little Rock Ix
In 1954, the civil rights movement gained momentum when the United States Supreme Court fabricated segregation illegal in public schools in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. In 1957, Key Loftier Schoolhouse in Little Rock, Arkansas asked for volunteers from all-Blackness high schools to nourish the formerly segregated school.
On September three, 1957, ix Blackness students, known as the Little Stone Ix, arrived at Central Loftier School to begin classes only were instead met by the Arkansas National Baby-sit (on order of Governor Orval Faubus) and a screaming, threatening mob. The Piddling Rock Nine tried once more a couple of weeks later and made it within, only had to be removed for their safety when violence ensued.
Finally, President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened and ordered federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine to and from classes at Primal High. Still, the students faced continual harassment and prejudice.
Their efforts, however, brought much-needed attending to the issue of desegregation and fueled protests on both sides of the issue.
READ More: Why Eisenhower Sent the 101st Airborne to Little Rock After Brown v. Board
Civil Rights Deed of 1957
Fifty-fifty though all Americans had gained the right to vote, many southern states made it difficult for Blackness citizens. They ofttimes required prospective voters of color to accept literacy tests that were confusing, misleading and about incommunicable to pass.
Wanting to show a delivery to the civil rights movement and minimize racial tensions in the South, the Eisenhower assistants pressured Congress to consider new civil rights legislation.
On September 9, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Human activity of 1957 into police, the get-go major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to forbid someone from voting. It also created a commission to investigate voter fraud.
Woolworth's Tiffin Counter
Despite making some gains, Black Americans still experienced blatant prejudice in their daily lives. On February one, 1960, four college students took a stand against segregation in Greensboro, N Carolina when they refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter without being served.
Curl to Continue
Over the next several days, hundreds of people joined their cause in what became known as the Greensboro sit-ins. After some were arrested and charged with trespassing, protesters launched a boycott of all segregated lunch counters until the owners caved and the original four students were finally served at the Woolworth's lunch counter where they'd kickoff stood their ground.
Their efforts spearheaded peaceful sit-ins and demonstrations in dozens of cities and helped launch the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to encourage all students to get involved in the civil rights movement. It also defenseless the centre of immature higher graduate Stokely Carmichael, who joined the SNCC during the Freedom Summertime of 1964 to register Black voters in Mississippi. In 1966, Carmichael became the chair of the SNCC, giving his famous speech in which he originated the phrase "Blackness ability."
READ MORE: How the Greensboro Four Sit-in Sparked a Move
Freedom Riders
On May iv, 1961, thirteen "Freedom Riders"—seven Black and six white activists–mounted a Greyhound bus in Washington, D.C., embarking on a bus tour of the American south to protest segregated motorbus terminals. They were testing the 1960 decision by the Supreme Courtroom in Boynton 5. Virginia that declared the segregation of interstate transportation facilities unconstitutional.
Facing violence from both police officers and white protesters, the Freedom Rides drew international attending. On Female parent's Day 1961, the bus reached Anniston, Alabama, where a mob mounted the coach and threw a flop into information technology. The Freedom Riders escaped the burning bus, just were badly browbeaten. Photos of the charabanc engulfed in flames were widely circulated, and the group could not find a double-decker commuter to take them further. U.S. Chaser General Robert F. Kennedy (brother to President John F. Kennedy) negotiated with Alabama Governor John Patterson to find a suitable commuter, and the Freedom Riders resumed their journey under law escort on May 20. Merely the officers left the group in one case they reached Montgomery, where a white mob brutally attacked the bus. Attorney General Kennedy responded to the riders—and a call from Martin Luther Male monarch Jr.—by sending federal marshals to Montgomery.
On May 24, 1961, a group of Freedom Riders reached Jackson, Mississippi. Though met with hundreds of supporters, the group was arrested for trespassing in a "whites-only" facility and sentenced to 30 days in jail. Attorneys for the National Clan for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) brought the thing to the U.S. Supreme Court, who reversed the convictions. Hundreds of new Liberty Riders were drawn to the cause, and the rides continued.
In the fall of 1961, under force per unit area from the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Committee issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals
HISTORY and Google World: Follow the Freedom Riders' Journeying Against Segregation During the Civil Rights Era
March on Washington
Arguably one of the most famous events of the ceremonious rights move took place on August 28, 1963: the March on Washington. It was organized and attended by civil rights leaders such as A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin and Martin Luther Male monarch Jr.
More than than 200,000 people of all races congregated in Washington, D. C. for the peaceful march with the primary purpose of forcing civil rights legislation and establishing chore equality for everyone. The highlight of the march was King'south spoken language in which he continually stated, "I take a dream…"
Rex'southward "I Have a Dream" speech galvanized the national civil rights motility and became a slogan for equality and liberty.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Ceremonious Rights Act of 1964—legislation initiated past President John F. Kennedy before his assassination—into law on July 2 of that twelvemonth.
King and other civil rights activists witnessed the signing. The law guaranteed equal employment for all, limited the use of voter literacy tests and immune federal authorities to ensure public facilities were integrated.
READ More than: 8 Steps That Paved the Way to the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Encarmine Dominicus
On March seven, 1965, the civil rights motility in Alabama took an particularly violent turn equally 600 peaceful demonstrators participated in the Selma to Montgomery march to protest the killing of Black civil rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson past a white police force officer and to encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment.
Every bit the protesters neared the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were blocked past Alabama state and local police force sent by Alabama governor George C. Wallace, a vocal opponent of desegregation. Refusing to stand down, protesters moved forward and were viciously beaten and teargassed past constabulary and dozens of protesters were hospitalized.
The unabridged incident was televised and became known as "Encarmine Lord's day." Some activists wanted to retaliate with violence, but King pushed for nonviolent protests and eventually gained federal protection for some other march.
Voting Rights Human activity of 1965
When President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Human activity into law on August 6, 1965, he took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 several steps further. The new law banned all voter literacy tests and provided federal examiners in certain voting jurisdictions.
It also allowed the chaser full general to contest state and local poll taxes. As a result, poll taxes were later declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966.
Part of the Act was walked back decades later, in 2013, when a Supreme Court decision ruled that Department 4(b) of the Voting Rights Human activity was unconstitutional, holding that the constraints placed on sure states and federal review of states' voting procedures were outdated.
Civil Rights Leaders Assassinated
The civil rights movement had tragic consequences for 2 of its leaders in the belatedly 1960s. On February 21, 1965, erstwhile Nation of Islam leader and Organization of Afro-American Unity founder Malcolm X was assassinated at a rally.
On Apr 4, 1968, civil rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Martin Luther Male monarch Jr. was assassinated on his hotel room's balcony. Emotionally-charged looting and riots followed, putting even more force per unit area on the Johnson assistants to push through additional civil rights laws.
READ More: Why People Rioted Afterwards Martin Luther King Jr.'s Assassination
Fair Housing Act of 1968
The Off-white Housing Act became police force on April 11, 1968, just days later on King'southward assassination. It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion. Information technology was also the last legislation enacted during the civil rights era.
The civil rights movement was an empowering yet precarious time for Black Americans. The efforts of ceremonious rights activists and countless protesters of all races brought most legislation to end segregation, Black voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices.
READ More than:
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Six Unsung Heroines of the Ceremonious Rights Motion
x Things You lot May Not Know Almost Martin Luther King Jr.
Sources
A Cursory History of Jim Crow. Constitutional Rights Foundation.
Civil Rights Act of 1957. Ceremonious Rights Digital Library.
Document for June 25th: Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Bigotry in the Defence force Industry. National Archives.
Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-In. African American Odyssey.
Little Rock School Desegregation (1957). The Martin Luther Male monarch, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford.
Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Plant Stanford.
Rosa Marie Parks Biography. Rosa and Raymond Parks.
Selma, Alabama, (Bloody Sunday March 7, 1965). BlackPast.org.
The Civil Rights Move (1919-1960s). National Humanities Center.
The Piddling Rock Nine. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior: Lilliputian Rock Central High School National Celebrated Site.
Turning Point: Globe War 2. Virginia Historical Society.
Photo Galleries
Martin Luther Rex Jr. Photographed by Friend, Flip Schulke
America in Mourning Afterwards MLK'south Shocking Assassination
mendelsohncands1936.blogspot.com
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement
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